For international students studying in the United States, gaining hands-on work experience related to their field of study is a crucial step to launching their careers. One of the most valuable options available is Optional Practical Training (OPT), which provides F-1 visa holders with temporary work authorisation in their field of study. This blog breaks down what is Optional Practical Training, who’s eligible, the different types (including the coveted STEM OPT extension), how to apply, and why it matters. With the right information, you can make confident choices about your next steps in the US job market.
What is OPT?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a temporary employment authorisation specifically designed for international students on an F-1 visa. It allows eligible students to work in a position directly related to their major area of study for up to 12 months. This work experience can occur either during their studies (pre-completion OPT) or after graduation (post-completion OPT). OPT aims to provide practical, hands-on experience that complements academic learning, helping students build skills and improve their employability in their respective fields.
Beyond the standard 12 months, students in qualifying STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields may be eligible for an additional 24-month extension called the STEM OPT extension, further broadening their opportunity for work experience in the US.
Types of OPT
There are primarily two main types of OPT:
| Type of OPT | Description | Work Hours |
| Pre-Completion OPT | Work while still enrolled in the degree program. | Limited to 20 hours/week during academic sessions; full-time during vacation periods. |
| Post-Completion OPT | Work after completing the academic program. | Must work at least 20 hours/week in a job related to the field of study. |
STEM OPT Extension
For students who graduate with degrees in approved STEM fields, an additional 24-month extension is available beyond the standard 12-month OPT period. Important details of the STEM OPT extension include:
- Eligibility: Must have completed a qualifying STEM degree from a SEVP-certified institution.
- Employer Requirements: The employer must be enrolled in the E-Verify programme, a system that verifies employee eligibility to work in the US.
- Application: The student must already be in a valid post-completion OPT period when applying.
- Practical Training: The work undertaken must be directly related to the STEM degree.
- Previous STEM Degree Option: Students on OPT for a non-STEM degree may use a previously earned STEM degree to apply for the STEM extension under certain conditions.
Also read: All About STEM OPT Extension and How To Get It?
Eligibility Criteria for Optional Practical Training (OPT)
To qualify for OPT, students must meet the following essential criteria:
- F-1 Visa Status:
Students must be currently maintaining valid F-1 visa status throughout the application process and employment period. This means adhering strictly to enrolment requirements and reporting obligations to their Designated School Official (DSO).
- Completion of One Full Academic Year:
Applicants must have been enrolled full-time for at least one full academic year (typically two semesters) at a Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP)-certified institution. The good news is that the rule recognises different enrolment timelines; students may be eligible even if they have recently changed to F-1 status, so long as one continuous academic year of full-time study is met.
- Employment Must Relate Directly to the Major Field of Study:
The OPT experience must be strictly connected to your degree discipline. Students should ensure that prospective jobs, internships, or training opportunities align closely with their academic program to maintain compliance with USCIS regulations.
- Limitations on Curricular Practical Training (CPT):
Students who have previously used 12 months or more of full-time CPT at the same degree level become ineligible for OPT at that level. Part-time CPT, however, does not affect OPT eligibility. This rule encourages using OPT for practical training rather than substituting CPT extensively.
- Application Timing:
For post-completion OPT, students should apply before finishing their academic program. USCIS permits filing up to 90 days before and no later than 60 days after program completion. Applying on time is critical since late applications can result in ineligibility or loss of the opportunity.
- OPT Usage Limits per Education Level:
OPT may only be used once per degree level. For example, if you use 12 months of OPT after completing a bachelor’s degree, you cannot apply for another 12 months OPT if you pursue the same bachelor’s degree elsewhere. However, progressing to a higher degree level (such as from bachelor’s to master’s) resets OPT eligibility, allowing a new 12-month OPT period.
- Physical Presence Requirement:
Applicants must be physically present in the United States at the time of their OPT application submission to USCIS.
- Unemployment Restrictions:
While OPT provides flexibility, students are limited to a cumulative total of 90 days of unemployment during their initial 12-month OPT period. Exceeding this can have serious status implications.
- Reporting Responsibility:
Maintaining communication with your DSO is crucial. You must report employment information, address changes, and any other updates within the required timeframes. This ensures your SEVIS record remains accurate and your F-1 status is maintained during OPT.
How To Apply For OPT?
1. Speak With Your Designated School Official (DSO)
- Discuss your plans to apply for OPT with your institution’s DSO in the international student office.
- Confirm your eligibility and get advice on application timing and procedures specific to your university.
2. Obtain an OPT-Endorsed Form I-20
- Your DSO will enter a recommendation for OPT into your SEVIS record.
- You will receive a new, updated Form I-20 signed by your DSO, showing the OPT recommendation.
3. Prepare Your Application Materials
- Complete Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization) carefully.
- Gather supporting documents:
- Your new Form I-20 endorsed for OPT.
- A copy of your current passport and F-1 visa.
- A copy of your I-94 record (printout from the CBP website).
- Two U.S. passport-sized photographs (following USCIS photo requirements).
- A cheque, money order, or credit card payment for the I-765 application fee (generally $410, but check for updates).
4. Submit Your OPT Application to USCIS
- File your application either online through the USCIS website or by post to the correct USCIS address, as instructed.
- You must apply:
- For pre-completion OPT: up to 90 days before completing one full academic year (employment starts after the year is complete).
- For post-completion OPT: up to 90 days before and no later than 60 days after your academic program ends, ensuring your DSO has updated SEVIS.
5. Await Receipt and Processing
- After submission, you will receive a Form I-797C Notice of Action (Receipt Notice) from USCIS.
- Track your application status online using the receipt number.
6. Respond to Biometrics or Requests for Evidence (If Required)
- In rare cases, USCIS may request additional information or a biometrics appointment. Respond promptly if contacted.
7. Receive Your EAD Card
- Once your application is approved, you will receive your Employment Authorization Document (EAD) by post.
- You cannot begin OPT employment until you have the EAD card in your possession and the OPT start date has arrived.
8. Report Your Employment
- Once you start working, report your employer details to your DSO, including company name, address, and how the work relates to your degree.
- Any changes in employment or address must be promptly reported to remain in compliance.
Important Reminders
- You must be physically present in the United States when you file your OPT application.
- Maintain F-1 student status throughout the process.
- Pay close attention to deadlines; late applications can result in denial or loss of eligibility.
Also read: Pick The Right Training Programme For You – CPT Vs OPT
When To Apply For OPT?
| When Applying Based On | Must Apply Within | Application Window |
| STEM degree | For post-completion OPT: Within 30 days of DSO recommendation For STEM OPT extension: Within 60 days of DSO recommendation | – Pre-completion OPT: Up to 90 days before completing a full academic year (employment starts only after completing full year) – Initial post-completion OPT: From 90 days before degree completion up to 60 days after completion – STEM OPT extension: Up to 90 days before current OPT expires |
| Non-STEM degree | For post-completion OPT: Within 30 days of DSO recommendation | – Pre-completion OPT: Up to 90 days before completing a full academic year (employment starts only after completing full year) – Post-completion OPT: From 90 days before degree completion up to 60 days after completion |
What Are The Benefits of OPT?
- Work Experience Directly Related to Study:
OPT offers international students a rare chance to gain practical experience by applying classroom knowledge to real-world settings in their chosen field. This hands-on training not only sharpens professional skills but also bolsters confidence and employability, making graduates more attractive to employers both in the US and globally.
- Extension of Stay and F-1 Status Protection:
By participating in OPT, students maintain valid F-1 status, ensuring compliance with immigration rules while working. This continuity provides peace of mind and can serve as a bridge to future immigration pathways, such as H-1B work visas or employer-sponsored green cards, making the transition from student to professional smoother.
- Extra Opportunities for STEM Graduates:
Those with STEM degrees enjoy a 24-month OPT extension on top of the initial 12 months, allowing up to three years of authorised work experience in the US. This extended period is significant, as it increases the window for finding permanent roles and can help students qualify for competitive visa categories that require longer-term US work experience.
- Flexibility of Employment Options:
OPT is remarkably flexible: it covers part-time and full-time work, paid or unpaid opportunities, internships, multiple employers, and even self-employment in some cases (as long as the position aligns with the degree). This variety enables students to shape their career paths according to personal goals and to explore different sectors within their discipline.
- Professional Development and Networking:
Engaging with US employers during OPT helps build a network of professional contacts, references, and mentors. Students gain insight into American workplace culture, expectations, and industry standards, making them better prepared to compete in today’s fast-changing job market.
- Opportunities for Career Exploration and Specialisation:
OPT offers a unique window for students to explore areas of specialisation, try different roles, or even pivot within their field before making long-term commitments. Experiencing various working environments can help students clarify their professional interests and set realistic career goals.
- Economic and Personal Independence:
Earning a salary – even for a limited period – can ease financial pressures, contribute toward living expenses or student loans, and foster personal independence. For many, OPT is their first chance to experience financial autonomy in a new country.
- Tax Advantages:
While on OPT, some students may benefit from specific US tax exemptions (such as FICA tax waivers for Social Security and Medicare). However, it is always wise to consult a tax professional to ensure full compliance and take advantage of any available benefits.
- Strengthened Resume and Future Prospects:
US-based work experience sets a candidate apart in the competitive job market, whether seeking roles in the US or returning to one’s home country. Employers worldwide often view OPT participants as adaptable, globally minded, and experienced in high-standard work environments.
- Pathway to Further Visa Options:
For many, a period of OPT employment is a prerequisite to qualifying for an H-1B work visa, employer sponsorship, or further study. It provides valuable time to build a track record with potential sponsors and to meet requirements for more permanent immigration categories if desired.
- Personal Growth:
Adaptation to a new workplace and culture brings personal growth – students develop communication skills, cross-cultural competence, independence, and resilience, all of which are qualities highly valued in any professional context.
Optional Practical Training is a significant opportunity for international students in the US to put their education to practical use, gain hands-on experience, and enhance their career prospects. By understanding what is Optional Practical Training, the eligibility requirements, the types of OPT, including the STEM extension, and the application process, students can better prepare and capitalise on this valuable work authorisation.
Get all the required assistance and information on OPT from our experts at UniScholars, so that you can gain all the experience in your desired career in the right way.
FAQs
- Can I work any job while on OPT?
Ans: No, your employment must be directly related to your major area of study and meet the minimum work hours requirement, depending on the OPT type.
- Is pre-completion OPT deducted from post-completion OPT?
Ans: Yes, the amount of pre-completion OPT you use reduces the available post-completion OPT time on a proportional basis.
- How long can I stay on OPT?
Ans: You can stay on OPT for up to 12 months after graduation; STEM majors may qualify for a 24-month extension.
- What are the restrictions on OPT?
Ans: You must work in a job related to your major, cannot be unemployed for over 90 days, and must report employment changes to your school.
- What’s the difference between OPT and CPT?
Ans: OPT is for work after or during studies (usually post-graduation), while CPT is for work as part of your curriculum during your studies.
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I have done Bachelor’s in Culinary Arts from India and completed my graduation in the year 2022 .I am 22 years old. After graduation, I have done 1 year paid internship from USA .Now, I would like to take occupational experience and learn culinary skills and also do masters in Culinary arts.How can I find the college n best course / country where I can persue studying further